Disparity between intellectual potential and achievement in reading and spelling. Characteristics - normal, intelligent child 2 years behind expected reading level for his grade. Affects children in all socioeconomic levels. Affects more boys than girls.

Signs and symptoms include:

• Confusion in orientation of letters
• Reading from right to left
• Letter and word reversals
• Omitting words
• Losing place on a page
• Images appear blurred
• Frustration symptoms - behavioral problems, delinquency, withdrawal
• Cognitive abilities may take over by age 7 or 8 years in some children

• unknown